Mesitylene as an octane enhancer for automotive gasoline, additive for jet fuel, and method of enhancing motor fuel octane and lowering jet fuel carbon emissions

ABSTRACT

A motor fuel comprising gasoline comprising 70-99 wt % gasoline and 1 to 30 wt % of mesitylene. This fuel can advantageously contain conventional additives used in gasoline. The use of mesitylene in gasoline blend yields a fuel blend with a higher research octane number and motor octane number. In addition, an improved jet fuel is provided, having from 1-10 wt % mesitylene added to the jet fuel, having improved carbon emission characteristics while maintaining required specifications. Further, an improved bio-fuel is provided, which may function as a replacement for conventional Jet A/JP-8 fuel and has lowered carbon emission specifications, the bio-fuel comprised of 75-90 wt % synthetic parafinnic kerosene (SPK) and 10-25 wt % mesitylene.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.14/561,748, filed Dec. 5, 2014, which is a Continuation-In-Part of andclaims priority to pending U.S. application Ser. No. 14/314,645, filedJun. 25, 2014, which is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.12/885,693, filed Sep. 20, 2010, which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/243,699, filed Sep. 18, 2009,the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates in general to fuels and fuel additivesand, more particularly, to motor gasoline and jet fuel, and additivesfor enhancing the octane number of motor gasoline and lowering carbonemissions of jet fuel. In one aspect, the present invention is concernedwith a fuel additive for motor fuel for enhancing the research octanenumber, and in another aspect to a fuel additive for enhancing the motoroctane number. Another aspect of the present invention is concerned withproviding a replacement additive for alcohol in motor fuels. Inaddition, an improved jet fuel is provided, having biomass-based and/orpetroleum-based mesitylene therein, which acts to lower carbonemissions. Further, a method is provided for enhancing the octane ofmotor fuels by adding such mesitylene to petroleum-based gasoline, aswell as additional fuel additives.

2. Description of Related Art

U.S. Pat. No. 4,398,921 discloses using a fuel additive of ethanol inautomotive gasoline to boost the octane number. Ethanol was also thoughtto stretch the remaining worldwide supply of crude oil. There are atleast two major problems with using ethanol as a fuel additive. Thefirst problem is that ethanol-infused automotive gasoline results inmuch reduced mileage per gallon when compared with 100% pure gasoline. Asecond problem is that ethanol, at least domestically, is producedalmost entirely from corn which negatively impacts on our food supply.

A careful analysis of most petroleum distillates used in the productionof gasoline reveals that many trace hydrocarbons can be found. Includedin those trace hydrocarbons is occasionally mesitylene, but only in veryminor trace amounts of less than 0.1 wt %.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a fueladditive which will boost the octane rating of automotive gradegasoline.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a fuel additivewhich can be combined with gasoline to boost the octane number andimprove the mileage values for modem automobiles.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a fueladditive which can replace ethanol currently used in gasoline, and whichwill provide a fuel blend with improved mileage which will notnegatively impact on our food supplies.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a fueladditive which can be used to replace ethanol in gasoline, and whichwill provide a greater mileage range than alcohol containing gasoline.

Another object of the invention is to provide a motor fuel, having aFinal Boiling Point (“FBP”) less than or equal to 225° C. and preferably170° C. to 225° C., a MON of 80 to 94 and preferably at least 91, and anRVP at 38° C. of 38-103 kPa and alternatively 38-49 kPa.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present inventors have conducted research in earnest to find a fueladditive which will provide all of the benefits of ethanol without beingderived from foodstuffs such as corn. The present inventors unexpectedlydiscovered that a fuel additive comprising mesitylene(1,3,5-trimethylbenzene) can be employed in automotive gasoline in anamount of from about 1 to 30 wt % to boost both the research octanenumber and the motor octane number of these fuels. It was alsounexpectedly discovered that mesitylene, both bio-derived andpetroleum-derived, could be used as a satisfactory replacement forethanol in gasoline, and that the resultant gasoline/mesitylene blendwould satisfy the quality fuel standard of ASTM D4814.

In a preferred embodiment, mesitylene fuel additive in an amount ofabout 5 to 15 wt % can be used in automotive grade gasolines (fuels) asa replacement for ethanol. These resulting blends of gasoline havesurprisingly been found to produce higher research octane numbers andmotor octane numbers than pure gasoline obtained from petroleum.

In another preferred embodiment, mesitylene is blended with automotivegrade gasoline that does not contain ethanol. It was found thatmesitylene has a higher motor octane number than ethanol and a higherenergy density. This translates directly into increased mileage overethanol-gasoline blends. This added energy of mesitylene also eliminatesthe need for using corn, and other foodstuffs such as sugar cane, inproducing high-energy fuels.

In a first preferred embodiment, there is provided an improved motorfuel providing higher mileage per gallon (than conventional orethanol-containing gasoline) comprising gasoline produced from petroleumand at least 1 wt % of mesitylene.

In a second preferred embodiment, there is provided in the motor fuel ofthe first preferred embodiment a gasoline which is a hybrid compoundincorporating additives selected from the group consisting of combustioncatalysts, burn rate modifiers, stabilizers, demulsifiers, dispersants,corrosion inhibitors, catalysts, detergents, ethers, antioxidants,anti-knock agents, lead scavengers, fuel dyes, and mixtures thereof.

In a third preferred embodiment, there is provided in the motor fuel ofthe first preferred embodiment a gasoline containing additives toincrease fuel economy selected from the group consisting of Ferox,Oxyhydrogen, ferrous picrate, and mixtures thereof.

In a fourth preferred embodiment, there is provided an improved motorfuel yielding higher mileage per gallon, said motor fuel comprising:

-   -   (a) gasoline produced from petroleum; and    -   (b) from between about 1 to 30 wt % of mesitylene, based on the        total weight of the motor fuel.

In a fifth preferred embodiment, there is provided in the motor fuel ofthe fourth preferred embodiment a gasoline which is a hybrid compoundincorporating additives selected from the group consisting of combustioncatalysts, burn rate modifiers, stabilizers, demulsifiers, dispersants,corrosion inhibitors, catalysts, detergents, ethers, antioxidants,anti-knock agents, lead scavengers, fuel dyes, and mixtures thereof.

In a sixth preferred embodiment, there is provided in the motor fuel ofthe fourth preferred embodiment a gasoline which contains additives toincrease fuel economy selected from the group consisting of Ferox,Oxyhydrogen, ferrous picrate, and mixtures thereof.

In a seventh preferred embodiment, there is provided an improved motorfuel yielding higher mileage per gallon and comprising gasoline producedfrom petroleum and from about 5 to 15 wt % of mesitylene.

In an eighth preferred embodiment, there is provided in the motor fuelof the seventh preferred embodiment a gasoline which is a hybridcompound incorporating additives selected from the group consisting ofcombustion catalysts, burn rate modifiers, stabilizers, demulsifiers,dispersants, corrosion inhibitors, catalysts, detergents, ethers,antioxidants, antiknock agents, lead scavengers, fuel dyes, and mixturesthereof.

In a ninth preferred embodiment, there is provided in the motor fuel ofthe seventh preferred embodiment a gasoline, which is a hybrid compound,incorporating additives to increase fuel economy selected from the groupconsisting of Ferox, Oxyhydrogen, ferrous picrate, and mixtures thereof.

In a tenth preferred embodiment, there is provided in the motor fuel ofthe first preferred embodiment a gasoline component having a researchoctane number of at least 91.6 and a motor octane number of at least83.4.

In an eleventh preferred embodiment, there is provided in the motor fuelof the fourth preferred embodiment a gasoline component having aresearch octane number of at least 91.6 and a motor octane number of atleast 83.4.

In a twelfth preferred embodiment, there is provided in the motor fuelof the seventh preferred embodiment a gasoline component having aresearch octane number of at least 91.6 and a motor octane number of atleast 83.4.

In a thirteenth preferred embodiment, there is provided in the motorfuel of the first preferred embodiment a gasoline which is obtained frompetroleum having a research octane number of about 91.6.

In a fourteenth preferred embodiment, there is provided in the motorfuel of the seventh preferred embodiment a gasoline obtained frompetroleum which has a research octane number of about 91.6, and inadmixture with mesitylene has a research octane number of at least 94.6.

In a fifteenth preferred embodiment, there is provided in the motor fuelof the seventh preferred embodiment a gasoline obtained from petroleumhaving a research octane number of about 88.4, and in admixture withmesitylene a research octane number of at least 90.9.

In a sixteenth preferred embodiment of the present invention, a methodof increasing the research octane numbers and motor octane numbers ofpure gasoline obtained from petroleum comprising mixing with saidgasoline mesitylene in an amount sufficient to create a blended motorfuel comprising from about 1 to about 30 wt % of mesitylene.

In a seventeenth preferred embodiment, the method of the sixteenthpreferred embodiment above is provided, further comprising adding one ormore additives selected from the group consisting of combustioncatalysts, burn rate modifiers, stabilizers, demulsifiers, dispersants,corrosion inhibitors, catalysts, detergents, ethers, antioxidants,anti-knock agents, lead scavengers, fuel dyes, and mixtures thereof tothe blended motor fuel.

In an eighteenth preferred embodiment, the method of the sixteenthpreferred embodiment above is provided, further comprising adding one ormore additives to increase fuel economy selected from the groupconsisting of ferrocene compounds and derivatives thereof (such asFerox®), oxyhydrogen, ferrous picrate, and mixtures thereof.

In a nineteenth preferred embodiment, an improved jet fuel (turbinefuel) having lowered carbon emission specifications is provided,comprising 90-99 wt % petroleum-derived jet fuel, and 1-10 wt % ofbiomass-derived or petroleum-derived mesitylene. In a most preferredembodiment, the improved jet fuel is comprised of 97 wt % jet fuel and 3wt % mesitylene.

In a twentieth preferred embodiment, an improved an improved bio-dieseland/or bio-turbine fuel having lowered carbon emission specifications isprovided, comprising 75-90 wt % synthetic parafinnic kerosene (SPK), and10-25 wt % of biomass-derived mesitylene. In a more preferredembodiment, the improved bio-diesel fuel is comprised of 85 wt % SPK and15 wt % biomass-derived mesitylene. In a most preferred embodiment, theimproved bio-turbine fuel is comprised of 80 wt % SPK and 20 wt %biomass-derived mesitylene.

In a further preferred embodiment, the invention comprises a motor fuelcomprising a mixture of gasoline and mesitylene and having a FinalBoiling Point (“FBP”) max of 225° C., a MON of 80 to 94 and preferablyat least 91, and an RVP at 38° C. of 38-103 kPa and alternatively 38-49kPa.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the present invention, mesitylene in an amount of at least 1 wt % canadvantageously be added to any grade of gasoline. In a preferredembodiment, the mesitylene is added to a commercial grade of gasolinehaving a research octane number of at least about 88 and a motor octanenumber of at least about 81. In a more preferred embodiment, a highgrade gasoline is used having a research octane number of at least about91 and a motor octane number of at least about 83.

In a further present invention, biomass-derived mesitylene in an amountof from 10-26 wt % can advantageously be combined with SPK (syntheticparaffinic kerosene) to provide an improved diesel or turbine fuel.

The mesitylene used in the present invention can be obtainedcommercially by various known chemical processes, or it can be obtainedby fermentation and further chemical processing of natural products suchas corn, sorghum, sugar cane, sugar beets and even cellulosic materialssuch as certain grasses, brush, and wood. It was unexpectedly found thatmesitylene, when blended with commercial grades of gasoline, meets themajor parameters of the ASTM D4814 specification for automotivegasoline. These tests demonstrate that the improved motor fuel of thepresent invention qualifies for use in automobiles used in the UnitedStates.

According to the present invention, the gasoline component can be ahybrid compound blending in combustion catalysts such as organo-metalliccompounds, burn rate modifiers to increase the fuel time burned,stabilizers/demulsifiers/dispersants to prolong the life of the fuel andprevent contamination, corrosion inhibitors, catalyst additives toprolong engine life and increase fuel economy, and detergents to cleanthe engines.

In a preferred embodiment, the fuel of the present invention can containoxygenates including alcohols and ethers. In addition, the improved fuelof the present invention can include antioxidants, stabilizers, andantiknock agents, lead scavengers for leaded gasoline as well as thecommon fuel dyes. Other fuel additives which can be used includeferrocene compounds and derivatives thereof (such as Ferox®), catalystadditives that increase fuel economy, oxyhydrogen used to injecthydrogen and oxygen into the engine, and ferrous picrate to improvecombustion and increase fuel economy.

The improved fuel of the present invention is not harmful to theenvironment and does not release any harmful gas and particulate matteremissions from a motor vehicle and its engines.

Example 1

A number of gasoline/mesitylene blends were prepared and tested asdescribed hereinafter. The results of these tests are shown in Table 1,which describes tests of four fuels, and the research octane number(RON) and motor octane number (MON) for each fuel.

TABLE 1 Wt % of N-87 (87 octane) gasoline 100 95 90 85 Wt % ofmesitylene 0 5 10 15 Research octane number 91.6 93.3 94.6 96.1(BRE/30.2 in/129 F.) Motor octane number 83.4 84.3 84.5 84.8 (BRE/30.2in/300 F.)

Example 2

A number of gasoline/mesitylene blends were prepared and tested asdescribed hereinafter. The results of these tests are shown in Table 2which describes tests of four fuels, and the research octane number(RON) and motor octane number (MON) for each fuel.

TABLE 2 Wt % of regular gasoline (ethanol free) 100 95 90 85 Wt % ofmesitylene 0 5 10 15 Research octane number (RON) 88.4 89.5 90.9 93.2(BRE/30.2 in/129 F.) Motor octane number (MON) 81.4 81.6 82.2 83.1(BRE/30.2 in/300 F.)

It can be seen from the test results shown in Tables 1 and 2 above thatthe addition of various components of mesitylene to several grades ofgasoline produced markedly improved research and motor octane numbers(RON and MON). Unlike general aviation, RON is just as important as MONin automotive fuel. Importantly, it has been found that the average ofthe MON and RON, listed at the pump as (R+M)/2, increased to 87+, whichis equivalent to regular unleaded gasoline. This is significant becauseit is the overall same increase achieved using ethanol without thesignificant mileage deduction. Stated another way, the biomass-derivedmesitylene-containing gasoline of the present invention is a substitutefor ethanol-containing conventional gasoline, in that petroleum contentof the fuel is decreased as required by law in many U.S. states, whichprovides increased mileage in comparison to the ethanol-containingconventional gasolines now sold.

In another aspect of the invention, a motor fuel according to theinvention comprises a mixture of gasoline and mesitylene and theresulting fuel has a Final Boiling Point (“FBP”) max of 225° C., a MONof 80 to 94 and preferably at least 91, and an RVP at 38° C. of 38-103kPa and alternatively 38-49 kPa. The fuel preferably does not include asignificant amount of lead, and more preferably does not include anylead. In a further aspect, the fuel has a 90% boiling point (“BP”) maxof 190° C. or 185° C., and optionally a 90% BP of 130° C. to 185° C. or190° C. The motor fuel of this embodiment is useful as an automotivefuel, but also is useful as an aviation gasoline (“avgas”).

For this embodiment, the mesitylene may be present in an amount of atleast 1 wt % of the fuel, and in some embodiments is preferably presentin an amount of 1 wt % to 30 wt %. In other embodiments, the amount ofmesitylene may be 5, 10 or 15 wt %, or within a range spanning any of 1,5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 wt %. Thus, for example, the mesitylene maycomprise 1-5 wt % or 10-20 wt %, etc.

It is a further feature of this embodiment of the invention that thefuel is characterized by the fact that it has a FBP max of 225° C. andalternately an FBP of 170° C. to 225° C., and in all other respectsmeets all major requirements, and preferably all other requirements, ofASTM D7547. The fuel is thus well suited for use in aviation enginesthat can operate with a fuel having this high level of FBP. Since themid-1990's, there have been a substantial number of spark-ignited pistonengine aircraft (approximately 35% of the fleet) allowed by FAAsupplemental type certifications to utilize autogas as a directalternative to avgas providing safe fuel for flight. Those selectaircraft certified to use commercially certified autogas and avgasinterchangeably have no particular engine configuration or modificationthat makes autogas adaptable other than having lower compression ratiosand a less stringent need for high motor octane number (MON) fuels. Suchaircraft engines typically operate below 7.5:1 compression ratios andrequire low vapor-pressure gasoline-based fuels typically ranging from80 MON up to 94 MON. This invention uses small quantities of mesityenewhose final boiling point exceeds 170° C. but is below 225° C. for usein general aviation piston engine aircraft.

Similarly, it is a feature of this embodiment of the invention that thefuel is characterized by the fact that it has an RVP at 38° C. of 38-103kPa. As set forth in ASTM D4814, an RVP of 54-103 kPa is approved foruse in automotive engines, and thus a fuel of the invention having anRVP in this range is suitable for such use. Alternatively, ASTM D7547indicates an acceptable RVP range of 38-49 kPa, and thus a fuel of theinvention having an RVP in this range is suitable as avgas. In addition,it is known that aviation engines are also operated outside of the rangeof requirements in ASTM D7547, and thus the inventive fuels having anRVP outside of the certified range also provides a fuel suitable asavgas in those instances.

Gasoline is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and each boils atdifferent temperatures. For an internal combustion engine to operateproperly, some components of the fuel must vaporize at low temperaturesto ensure ease of starting and throttle response. Mid- to high-boilingfuel components include hydrocarbons that have a higher density andhigher octane to produce power in the combustion process.

Liquid fuel does not burn as it does not mix well with oxygen. Thereforeall of the fuel components must vaporize to mix with oxygen from theatmosphere to burn completely in the engine. Internal combustiongasoline engines typically use a lighter fraction of the refined crudeoil components, ones that have a lower carbon number (C₄ to C₁₂, whichtypically boil up to about 225° C.). These are vaporous components thatmix with oxygen in atmospheric engines.

The fuel distillation curve is often depicted in percentages ofevaporated material and is adjusted by selecting hydrocarbon componentsthat vaporize at different temperatures to achieve the desiredperformance.

Distillation Curve, ASTM D86 % Fuel Evaporated D910 avgas D7547 avgasD4814 autogas Initial boiling Report Report Report point 10% volume max 75° C. max  75° C. max  70° C. 40% volume min  75° C. min  75° C. min 75° C. 50% volume min  77° C. 50% volume max 105° C. max 105° C. max121° C. 90% volume max 135° C. max 135° C. max 190° C. Final boiling max170° C. max 170° C. max 225° C. point Sum 10% + min 135° C. min 135° C.min 135° C. 50% BP DI (1.5_(ten) + max 597° C. 3_(fifty) + 1_(ninety))

In the low percentage or front-end of the distillation curve, thevolatility of the fuel is impacted by the mix of critical gasolinecomponents with balanced vapor pressures (VP) to provide easy startingin both cold (higher VP) and hot (lower VP) conditions, freedom fromvapor lock and other hot fuel handling problems, and low evaporation andfuel loss emissions. In the mid-range of the distillation curve, thefuel composition is adjusted to achieve effective engine warm-up withsmooth operation, effective power and fuel economy, and effectiveprotection against carburetor icing and stalling. In the high end of thedistillation curve, especially as the fuel approaches the final boilingpoint, the fuel composition is adjusted to achieve effective fueleconomy, minimal engine deposits and dilution of engine oil with fuel,and reduction of exhaust emissions especially of volatile organiccompounds (VOC's)

As discussed above, in addition to motor fuel, the present inventorshave found that an improved jet fuel, having lowered carbon emissionspecifications while maintaining other important characteristics withinrequired specifications, can be obtained by adding theretobiomass-derived mesitylene in a certain weight range. In particular,such an improved jet fuel is comprised of 90-99 wt % petroleum-derivedjet fuel, and 1-10 wt % of mesitylene.

In a most preferred embodiment, the improved jet fuel is comprised of 97wt % jet fuel and 3 wt % mesitylene. This particular improved jet fuelcomposition was experimentally verified by testing performed by anindependent testing laboratory. In particular, a jet fuel compositioncomprised of 97 wt % conventional jet fuel, and 3 wt % mesitylene wasprepared, and the characteristics thereof determined to be as shown inTable 3 below:

TABLE 3 ASTM Method Parameter Value D 3242 Acid number 0.002 mg KOH/g D1319 Aromatics 16.3 volume % D 3227 Mercaptan sulfur 0.0005 mass % D5453 Sulfur 556 mg/kg D 56 Flash point 57° C. D 4052 Density 15° C.817.9 kg/m3 D 2386 Freezing point −46.5° C. D 445 Viscosity, −20° C.5.534 mm²/s D 4809 Net heat of combustion 42.990 MJ/kg D 1018 Hydrogen13.59 mass % D 1322 Smoke point 20.5 mm D 1840 Naphthalenes 1.56 volume% D 130 Corrosion copper strip (2 h/100° C.) 1a D 3241 Thermal OxidationStability (2.5 h/260° C.) Heater tube deposit rating, visual 1 Filterpressure drop 4.6 mm Hg D 381 Existent gum 2 mg/100 mL D 3948 Waterseparation, MSEP-A rating 83 D 86 Distillation 10% Recovered 185.5° C.50% Recovered 216.0° C. 90% Recovered 252.0° C. Final boiling point274.0° C. Residue 1.0 volume % Loss 0.5 volume % (Barometric pressure,761.0 mmHg; Procedure arithmetical

In a further preferred embodiment, as mentioned above, an improvedbio-fuel, which can function as both bio-diesel and bio-turbine fuel,has been developed by the present inventors, which has been found tofavorably have lowered carbon emission specifications. This improvedbio-fuel is currently intended for use in turbine engines, as well aspossibly diesel engines, as ethanol (which is currently contained inmost gasoline) is not allowed in turbine fuel. Such improvedbio-turbine/diesel fuel is comprised of 75-90 wt % synthetic parafinnickerosene (SPK), and 10-25 wt % of biomass-derived mesitylene. In a morepreferred embodiment, the improved bio-diesel fuel is comprised of 85 wt% SPK and 15 wt % biomass-derived mesitylene. In a most preferredembodiment, the improved bio-turbine fuel is comprised of 80 wt % SPKand 20 wt % biomass-derived mesitylene.

In order to determine the characteristics of such bio-fuel, as comparedto conventional fuels, four test compositions (fuel blends) wereprepared, as outlined in Table 4 shown below. Of the four testcompositions prepared, test composition #4, having 20 wt % mesitylene,exhibited characteristics closest to conventional Jet A/JP-8 fuel. Inparticular, every tested parameter for test composition #4 meets thestandards for Jet A/JP-8 fuel. By interpolation, a composition having 84wt % bio-SPK and as low as 16 wt % MES will meet the specifications forJet A/JP-8 fuel as well. In contrast, as illustrated in Table 4 below,test composition #1, comprised solely of bio-SPK, does not meet thedensity specification for Jet A and JP-8, which is 0.775-0.840 kg/L.

It was unexpectedly discovered that adding mesitylene at 16 wt % orgreater insures that important parts of ASTM D 1655 and MIL-DTL-83133E,which are the specifications for Jet A and JP-8 respectively, are met.Further, such bio-fuel should not contain greater than 25 wt %mesitylene, as the standards for Jet A and JP-8 list the maximumaromatic content at 25 wt %. The test composition containing 20 wt % ofmesitylene is most preferred, as this content of mesitylene eliminatesthe issues that bio-SPK has with seals (i.e., seals won't swell to thenecessary degree without some level of aromatics (mesitylene in thiscase) in the fuel) while meeting all parameters for Jet A and JP-8. Ithas been found that adding mesitylene to the mixture in a 20 wt %content provides both the necessary seal swelling characteristics, whilealso being less damaging on those same seals versus other lighteraromatics such as toluene and xylene. Accordingly, the inclusion ofmesitylene in the claimed ranges decreases issues with over-swelling anddeterioration of seals in the engine.

TABLE 4 Test Composition #: 1 2 3 4 % Tri-Methylbenzene (Mesitylene): 05 10 20 % HRJ Tallow (bio-derived SPK): 100 95 90 80 ASTM D 4052 - 09Density @ 15° C. (kg/L) 0.758 0.763 0.769 0.779 ASTM D 445 - 09Viscosity @ −20° C. (mm²/s) 5.3 4.6 4.2 3.5 ASTM D 445 - 09 Viscosity @−40° C. (mm²/s) 10.6 9.8 8.9 7.2 ASTM D 445 - 09 Viscosity @ 40° C.(mm²/s) 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.1 ASTM D93 - 09 Flash Point, ° C. 55 52 ASTMD5972 - 09 Freezing Point, ° C. −62 <−77

Although specific embodiments of the invention have been disclosed,those having ordinary skill in the art will understand that changes canbe made to the specific embodiments without departing from the spiritand scope of the invention. The scope of the invention is not to berestricted, therefore, to the specific embodiments. Furthermore, it isintended that the appended claims cover any and all such applications,modifications, and embodiments within the scope of the presentinvention.

What is claimed:
 1. A motor fuel comprising 70-99 wt % gasoline and 1-30wt % mesitylene.
 2. The motor fuel of claim 1 comprising 80-99 wt %gasoline and 1-20 wt % mesitylene.
 3. The motor fuel of claim 1comprising 80-95 wt % gasoline and 5-20 wt % mesitylene.
 4. The motorfuel of claim 1 comprising 80-90 wt % gasoline and 10-20 wt %mesitylene.
 5. The motor fuel of claim 1 in which the motor fuel has aFBP max of 225° C., a MON of 80 to 94, and an RVP of 38-103 kPa.
 6. Themotor fuel of claim 5 in which the motor fuel has a FBP of 170° C. to225° C.
 7. The motor fuel of claim 6 in which the motor fuel has a 90%BP max of 185° C.
 8. The motor fuel of claim 7 in which the motor fuelhas a 90% BP of 130° C. to 185° C.
 9. The motor fuel of claim 5 in whichthe motor fuel has a MON of at least
 91. 10. The motor fuel of claim 9in which the motor fuel has a FBP of 170° C. to 225° C.
 11. The motorfuel of claim 5 in which the motor fuel has an RVP of 38-49 kPa.
 12. Themotor fuel of claim 11 in which the motor fuel has a FBP of 170° C. to225° C.
 13. The motor fuel of claim 11 in which the motor fuel has a MONof at least
 91. 14. The motor fuel of claim 13 in which the motor fuelhas a FBP of 170° C. to 225° C.
 15. The motor fuel of claim 14 in whichthe motor fuel has a 90% BP max of 185° C.
 16. The motor fuel of claim15 in which the motor fuel has a 90% BP of 130° C. to 185° C.
 17. Themotor fuel of claim 16 which is free of lead.
 18. The motor fuel ofclaim 14 comprising 80-99 wt % gasoline and 1-20 wt % mesitylene. 19.The motor fuel of claim 14 comprising 80-95 wt % gasoline and 5-20 wt %mesitylene.
 20. The motor fuel of claim 14 comprising 80-90 wt %gasoline and 10-20 wt % mesitylene.
 21. An avgas comprising 70-99 wt %gasoline and 1-30 wt % mesitylene and having a FBP max of 225° C., a MONof 80 to 94, and an RVP of 38-103 kPa.
 22. The avgas of claim 21comprising 80-95 wt % gasoline and 5-20 wt % mesitylene.
 23. The avgasof claim 21 having a FBP of 170° C. to 225° C., an RVP of 38-49 kPa, anda MON of at least
 91. 24. The avgas of claim 23 comprising 80-95 wt %gasoline and 5-20 wt % mesitylene.
 25. The avgas of claim 24 which isfree of lead.